Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40687082›Full record

ArticleIBRO neuroscience reports2025

Long COVID is associated with female sex; Anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies are absent in patients with long COVID.

Yukiko Motokawa, Jun Sugihara, Tomoya Tateishi, Tadashi Hosoya, Shinsuke Yasuda, Yasunari Miyazaki, Hidehiko Takahashi, Hiroki Shiwaku

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in IBRO neuroscience reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yukiko MotokawaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Jun SugiharaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Tomoya TateishiDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Tadashi HosoyaDepartment of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Shinsuke YasudaDepartment of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Yasunari MiyazakiDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Hidehiko TakahashiDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiroki ShiwakuDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Long COVID is a condition that may arise following SARS-CoV-2 infection and is associated with a range of systemic complications. Autoantibodies are implicated in the pathogenesis of long COVID. However, the details of the pathogenic mechanisms undergone by these autoantibodies remain unclear. Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) is the human protein with the highest sequence homology to the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Previous in silico studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce the production of anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies. Thus, this study investigated the presence of anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies in individuals affected by COVID-19, including those with long COVID. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 173 individuals 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among them, 63 were diagnosed with long COVID. A cell-based assay was used to assess all 173 serum samples for the presence of anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies. We also analyzed the clinical profiles of patients with and without long COVID to identify potential risk factors associated with long COVID. Results: Anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies were not detected in any serum sample. The proportion of female patients in the long COVID group was significantly higher than that in the non-long COVID group. Conclusion: The results indicate that the production of anti-NCAM1 autoantibodies following COVID-19 is unlikely. Female sex is associated with higher risk of long COVID.

Indexed as

Anti-NCAM1 autoantibodyAutoantibodyLong COVIDNCAM1SARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID40687082
PMCPMC12275955

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.