Evaluation and validation of 3D-printed anatomical urinary system model and virtual reality RIRS simulators in RIRS training: a comparative study.

Background/aim: This study evaluates the use of a 3D-printed anatomical urinary system model (3D-AUSM) and a Virtual Reality RIRS Simulator (VRRS), for training in RIRS, based on real user feedback. Materials and methods: The 3D-AUSM was created using cadaver CT and MRI scans, and the data was transferred to a VR environment for simulation. A total of 43 inexperienced urology trainees participated in the theoretical phase of the RIRS training program. Of these, 32 trainees (Group T) who passed a proficiency exam proceeded to the hands-on training phase with the 3D-AUSM and VRRS models. Additionally, 17 experienced surgeons (Group S) were included in the study for validation purposes. Skill scores and procedure times were recorded for both groups, and participants completed surveys to evaluate content, face, and construct validation of the models. Results: Group S completed the procedures faster and achieved higher skill scores than Group T in both models. Group T, however, performed better with VRRS compared to 3D-AUSM. The most challenging steps for both groups were "exposing the intrarenal collecting system" and "relocating the stone". Both groups rated the models highly for content and face validation, though experienced surgeons gave lower overall satisfaction scores to VRRS compared to 3D-AUSM. Conclusion: 3D-printed models and VR simulators are safe, cost-effective tools for developing essential surgical skills. While 3D-AUSM provides realistic anatomical feedback, VRRS offers unlimited practice opportunities. Both models are valuable in surgical education, promoting standardized, effective training.