Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40686690›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2025

Respiratory infections in pregnancy and early life-association with the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Claire J Sung, Orlaith M Plowman, Anna J Maxwell, William D Rawlinson, Maria E Craig, Ki Wook Kim

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Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Claire J SungDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Orlaith M PlowmanDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Anna J MaxwellDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
William D RawlinsonDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Maria E CraigDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Ki Wook KimDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in pregnancy and early childhood are potential environmental triggers of islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes (TD). We reviewed the association between gestational and childhood RTIs and the development of IA or T1D in the offspring. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis, analysed using random effects models, of observational human studies from Medline and EMBASE, without language restriction, from inception until Jan 6, 2025. The inclusion criteria were cohort, case-control, nested case control or retrospective cohort studies investigating confirmed RTI in childhood or pregnancy by reported history or detection by throat swab before/at IA seroconversion and/or T1D diagnosis in children aged < 18 years. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020193860. Findings: The systematic review included 26 studies of childhood RTIs involving 12,236,305 participants (14,646 cases, 12,221,659 controls) and four studies of gestational RTIs involving 109,976 participants (979 cases, 108,997 controls). Study design and quality varied, with moderate to high statistical heterogeneity. Meta-analysis of 15 studies demonstrated that childhood RTIs were significantly associated T1D (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.75, p < 0.0001) but not significantly associated with IA. Meta-analysis of studies investigating gestational RTIs and T1D found no significant associations and only one of the studies found an association between maternal RTIs in the first trimester based on history and T1D in the offspring (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.32-4.04, p = 0.002). Interpretation: Our analysis suggests childhood RTIs were significantly associated with risk of T1D, highlighting the need to further investigate the association between childhood RTIs using molecular testing and subsequent risk of IA/T1D. Funding: JDRF, NHMRC.

Indexed as

Islet autoimmunityRespiratory infectionType 1 diabetesViromeVirus

Identifiers

PMID40686690
PMCPMC12275980

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.