ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2025
A geospatial analysis of naloxone distribution patterns in the Massachusetts overdose education and naloxone distribution program (MA OEND).
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Coverage Limitations for Use of Urine Drug Testing in a State Medicaid Program.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Polydrug overdose mortality caused by synthetic opioids and stimulants: current sex- and age-specific trajectories in United States national data for 2018-2024.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThis study describes the distribution and administration of naloxone throughout one state heavily impacted by the opioid overdose crisis. We sought to: 1) assess whether naloxone kits were used in rescue attempts in the same communities where they were distributed, and 2) explore how best to define geographical boundaries for comparing naloxone supply to demand, accounting for naloxone mobility patterns to identify areas of surplus or shortage.
methodsused data from Massachusetts' Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) programs for 2018-2020, linking participants' residence, overdose rescue attempt, and refill locations at the ZIP code level. We built a Sankey plot describing the distribution and administration of naloxone between OEND program regions based on refill encounters with a reported rescue attempt. We algorithmically derived "naloxone service areas (NSAs)," defined as collections of municipalities that receive naloxone from high-volume naloxone distribution hubs. For each NSA, we calculated a coverage ratio (naloxone kits dispensed per opioid-related overdose death).
resultsFrom 2018-2020, the MA OEND programs had 88,085 naloxone dispensing encounters among 49,344 people. People reported a prior rescue attempt in 16 % of all observed encounters. There was substantial migration between residence and rescue attempt locations, with much naloxone distributed in Boston. The average naloxone dispensing-to-overdose death ratio was 14 kits per death over the three years, ranging from 8 to 32 kits per death across NSAs.
conclusionsNaloxone kits are often used by people residing in communities other than where kits were distributed, with significant variation in coverage ratios across regions.
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