ArticleScientific reports2025
Evolution of cooperation guided by the coexistence of imitation learning and reinforcement learning.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Promoting cooperation remains a major challenge in natural science. While most studies focus on single strategy update rules, individuals in real-life often use multiple strategies in response to dynamic environments. This paper introduces a mixed update rule combining imitation and reinforcement learning (RL). In imitation learning (IL), individuals adopt strategies from higher-payoff opponents, while RL relies on personal experience. Simulations of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG), Coexistence Game (CG), and Coordination Game (CoG), both in well-mixed populations and square lattice networks, show that: (i) cooperation and defection coexist in the PDG, resolving the dilemma of universal defection; (ii) cooperation exceeds the mixed Nash equilibrium in the CG; and (iii) cooperators dominate in the CoG. The mixed update rule outperforms single strategy approaches in those games, highlighting its effectiveness in fostering cooperation.
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