ArticlePloS one2025
Liver cirrhosis in 2021: Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical outcomes of early versus standard liver transplantation in patients with alcohol-related liver disease: a meta-analysis.Langenbeck's archives of surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Efficacy of tirzepatide versus SGLT2 inhibitors in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a multicenter propensity-matched real-world study.Hepatology international · 2026Observational
- Liver disease diagnostics and access barriers in African settings: a narrative review.Journal of clinical pathology · 2026Review
- Trends in MASLD-related cirrhosis and liver cancer across diverse populations, 2010-2023.Hepatology international · 2026Article
- [Natural history and risk factors of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in Chinese cohorts].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Sarcopenic obesity in cirrhosis: prognostic value and future perspectives.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Dissecting incidence and mortality inequalities of six types of liver diseases in 39 alcohol-dominant countries and 93 virus-dominant countries under the aging context: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Preventing First and Further Decompensation in Advanced Chronic Liver Disease.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Ramadan fasting and adverse outcomes in cirrhosis: primary risk estimates with associated independent predictors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Retrospective Analysis of Hepatic Disease Burden and Progression in a Hospital-Based Romanian Cohort Using Integrated Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data (2019-2023).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Periodontal status and microbial profiles across the clinical spectrum of liver cirrhosis.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Latent class analysis of dyadic psychosocial adaptation in young and middle-aged couples with liver cirrhosis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Noninvasive multimodal management of portal hypertension: from early screening to precision clinical decision-making.Translational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Current status of research on the risk factors and pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Alcoholic Liver Disease and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: Mortality Prediction Using Biomarkers and Clinical Scores.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Age on Mortality and Decompensation Events in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Multicenter, Propensity Score Matched Study.International journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Effect of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt on Intestinal Flora in Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review.Euroasian journal of hepato-gastroenterologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLiver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease caused by various liver injury mechanisms, characterized by irreversible fibrosis, hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, and the formation of regenerative nodules, ultimately leading to liver failure and multiple severe complications, significantly increasing the risk of mortality.
methodsThis study analyzes global and China-specific trends in liver cirrhosis incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021, focusing on various causes including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database were used to assess changes in liver cirrhosis statistics globally and in China. The study examined incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs over the period from 1990 to 2021.
resultsGlobal liver cirrhosis incidence reached 58.4 million in 2021, up from 36.9 million in 1990, primarily driven by NAFLD, which increased from 24.8 million in 1990 to 48.3 million in 2021. While HBV- and HCV-related cirrhosis declined, deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis rose. In China, NAFLD became the main cause, although alcohol-related cirrhosis and an aging population remain major challenges.
conclusionsThe growth of NAFLD and alcohol-related cirrhosis undermines progress in controlling HBV and HCV. Targeted prevention and management strategies are needed, especially in regions with low and middle SDI, which show higher cirrhosis mortality. For China, early intervention for NAFLD and continued control of HBV and HCV are critical to reduce the cirrhosis burden.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.