Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40678921›Full record

ReviewMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2025

Attention/Working Memory and Executive Function in Parkinson's Disease: Review, Critique, and Recommendations.

Roberta Biundo, Ondrej Bezdicek, Davide Maria Cammisuli, Brenna Cholerton, John C Dalrymple-Alford, Nicola Edelstyn, Eleonora Fiorenzato, Erin Holker, Saul Martinez-Horta, Alice Martini and 11 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Roberta BiundoDepartment of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5846-755X
Ondrej BezdicekDepartment of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-0181
Davide Maria CammisuliDepartment of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-1867
Brenna CholertonDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-987X
John C Dalrymple-AlfordTe Kura Mahi ā-Hirikapo School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-033X
Nicola EdelstynDepartment of Psychology, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6795-0145
Eleonora FiorenzatoNeurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7947-5903
Erin HolkerDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5319-8767
Saul Martinez-HortaMovement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-7249
Alice MartiniAddiction and Mental Health Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-0831
Gabriella SantangeloDepartment of Psychology, University of Campania, "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-852X
Barbara SeguraMedical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-5479
Chiara SiriParkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Neurorehabilitation Unit, Moriggia Pelascini Hospital, Como, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-4084
Alexander TrösterDepartment of Clinical Neuropsychology and Center for Neuromodulation, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-3878
Tiago A MestreParkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6973-7479
Álvaro Sánchez FerroCentro de Investigagión Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-2485
Michelle Hyczy de Siqueira TosinDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-1407
Matej SkorvanekDepartment of Neurology, Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-8715
Daniel WeintraubDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-7168
Gert J GeurtsenDepartment of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-340X
members of the MDS Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well-established non-motor complication that significantly affects the quality of life and well-being of both patients and care partners. To optimally detect mild cognitive impairment or dementia, extensive neuropsychological assessment is essential. A wide range of cognitive tests and clinical outcome assessments have been used in clinical settings, often without regard to their clinimetric quality.

methodsWe performed a literature review of tests assessing attention/working memory and executive domains in PD (tests on other domains are included in an accompanying review). The selected tests were evaluated for their clinimetric properties and categorized by a panel of experts as "recommended," "recommended with caveats," "suggested," or "listed" according to the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee guidelines.

resultsA total of 30 tests were reviewed. Eight tests were "recommended," including four tests assessing attention/working memory abilities (WAIS-IV Digit Span, Coding and Symbol Search subtests, and Trail Making Test) and four tests assessing executive abilities (WAIS-IV Similarities, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Fluency Tests, and Stroop Color-Word Test). These tests demonstrated good to excellent levels of reliability and validity, have normative datasets, and are sensitive to change. Eight other tests were "recommended with caveats", eleven were "suggested," and three were "listed."

conclusionsThe recommended tests for attention/working memory and executive functioning in PD can guide PD cognitive assessment. Other tests were identified as potentially useful; however, caution is advised due to their clinimetric limitations. Further validation studies are required for these tests. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Indexed as

AttentionCognitive DysfunctionExecutive FunctionMemory, Short-TermNeuropsychological TestsParkinson DiseaseHumansattention‐executive functionscognitionParkinson's diseasepsychometric propertiesrating test

Identifiers

PMID40678921
PMCPMC12485586

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.