ArticleKidney international reports2025
Safety of Drugs in Breastfeeding Women With CKD.
Article in Kidney international reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Very low enalapril and enalaprilat exposureFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The benefits of breastfeeding are widely recognized. Because of lack of evidence, women may forego breastfeeding or decline treatments that impact long-term renal survival. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the evidence on the breastfeeding safety of drugs commonly prescribed to women with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: We conducted bibliographic search on available databases, including PUBMED, REPROTOX, and LACTMED. Results: We reviewed a total of 81 observational studies and case reports. Among renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, enalapril and captopril are safe for breastfeeding. Based on limited evidence, quinapril, benazepril, candesartan, and valsartan are likely acceptable for use during breastfeeding. We found no compelling human data regarding the safety of other renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, finerenone, sparsentan, or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) in lactation. Immunosuppressive agents, including azathioprine, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, budesonide, rituximab, and eculizumab are acceptable for use during breastfeeding. Belimumab is most likely safe; however, data are limited. Data on mycophenolate use are conflicting, and the general recommendation is avoidance during lactation. No studies were found on the safety of breastfeeding while on the newer complement inhibitors, including avacopan, ravulizumab, iptacopan, and pegcetacoplan. These drugs should used with caution in breastfeeding until data become available. Conclusion: Human lactation data on the safety of most drugs used in the treatment of CKD are limited, making evidence-based recommendations challenging. Emerging pharmacometrics techniques can contribute to the safety assessment of drugs in breastfeeding, overcoming ethical and practical issues associated with clinical trials in this population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.