ArticleCurrent pharmaceutical design2026
Development of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Nadolol: Preparation, Characterization, and
Article in Current pharmaceutical design, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThis study aims to enhance the oral bioavailability of Nadolol (NDL), a β-blocker used in the management of hypertension, by incorporating it into a liposome-based delivery system. To improve the formulation's stability, mucoadhesion, and permeability, chitosan coating was applied.
methodsLiposomes were prepared via the ethanol injection method using soy phosphatidylcholine and diacetyl phosphate. Chitosan coating was applied by adding chitosan solution (1% v/v acetic acid) at different chitosan-to-lipid ratios (0.1-0.4 w/w). The optimal formulation was selected based on particle size, PDI, and zeta potential. Characterization included encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, enzymatic stability, drug release, and Caco-2-based cytotoxicity and permeability assays.
resultsThe particle size and polydispersity index of the optimized formulations, L1-NDL, L2-NDL, L1C-NDL, and L2C-NDL, were measured as 27.02 ± 0.18 nm, 24.55 ± 0.22 nm, 160.10 ± 3.17 nm, 161.00 ± 2.30 nm, 0.39 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.02. Encapsulation efficiencies of 56.01 ± 3.70% and 43.87 ± 1.24% were recorded for L1C-NDL and L2C-NDL, respectively, while drug loading capacities were 61.47 ± 2.03% and 67.80 ± 0.74%, respectively. In an enzymatic degradation study, it was found that chitosan coating increased the stability of liposomes in the gastric media. The
conclusionChitosan-coated liposomes improved NDL's stability and permeability, showing promise as an effective oral delivery system.
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