ArticleCurrent medicinal chemistry2026
Identification of Critical Genes Related to Breast Cancer with Brain Metastasis Through Bioinformatics Analysis.
Article in Current medicinal chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionDistant metastasis accounts for the majority of Breast Cancer (BC)-related mortality. The brain is one of the most common regions of metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain uncertain.
methodsIn this study, gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Datasets GSE100534 and GSE52604, containing 16 primary brain tumor samples and 38 breast cancer brain metastasis samples, were used to identify the Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). The Metascape database was used to analyze enriched Gene Ontology (GO) entries and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway entries in DEGs. The STRING database was then used to construct a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, and the Cytoscape platform was employed to visualize the network. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the Relapse-Free Survival (RFS) among the hub genes. Finally, the iRegulon plugin was used to construct a regulatory network to find the transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the expression of the hub genes.
resultsA total of 344 DEGs, including 182 up-regulated and 162 down-regulated genes, were identified by using the limma package in R. A module with 18 nodes and 9 hub genes was selected from the PPI network by using the plugins MCODE and Cyto- Hubba, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that brain metastasis in BC was closely related to the oocyte cell cycle. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that high expression of these 9 hub genes was associated with poor RFS in BC patients. TFs' analysis showed that E2F4, SIN3A, FOXM1, and TFDP1 interacted with these hub genes. DISCUSSION: This study revealed that Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis (BCBM) may have a promoting effect on the cell cycle of oocytes and affect the maturation and division of oocytes through the KEGG and GO analyses of 344 DEGs. The selected 9 hub genes (ASPM, BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, CCNB1, CDK1, NDC80, NCAPG, and TOP2A) and 4 transcription factors (E2F4, SIN3A, FOXM1, TFDP1) may play a critical role in brain metastasis of BC.
conclusionThe results of this study may aid in the early diagnosis and suggest potential targets for the treatment of BCBM.
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