ArticleBMC oral health2025
Exploring ChatGPT's potential in diagnosing oral and maxillofacial pathologies: a study of 123 challenging cases.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed.
- A cross-sectional evaluation of Large Language Model answers to dental questions.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Performance of Contemporary Large Language Models on Free-Text Histopathologic Descriptions in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.Head and neck pathology · 2026Article
- Comparative Performance of State-of-the-Art LLMs on the KDLE: A 2025 Benchmark Study.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of dentists and ChatGPT in jawbone lesions.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- AI-based diagnostic evaluation of GPT-4o for crown-fracture detection on maxillary periapical radiographs: effects of prompt detail and customization.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Bi-linguistic performance of large language models in multimodal analysis for differentiating jawbone-destroying malignancy from osteomyelitis.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Evaluating open-source LLMs for dental EMR generation.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Performance of five large language models in oral and maxillofacial surgery exam questions: a comparative study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Comparative diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT models in salivary gland disease: a multimodal vignette-based evaluation.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Human versus artificial intelligence in oral pathology diagnosis: a comparative study of ChatGPT, Grok, and MANUS.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparative performance of AI models on case-based oral medicine questions across Bloom's taxonomy levels and subtopics.Odontology · 2026Article
- A Multimodal Large Language Model Framework for Clinical Subtyping and Malignant Transformation Risk Prediction in Oral Lichen Planus: A Paired Comparison With Expert Clinicians.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Multimodal large language models for oral lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of diagnostic performance and clinical utility.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
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- Vision-based diagnostic gain of ChatGPT-5 and gemini 2.5 pro compared with human experts in oral lesion assessment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Benchmarking large-language-model vision capabilities in oral and maxillofacial anatomy: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
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Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ChatGPT-4o, a large language model developed by OpenAI, in challenging cases of oral and maxillofacial diseases presented in the Clinicopathologic Conference section of the journal Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 123 diagnostically challenging oral and maxillofacial cases published in the aforementioned journal were retrospectively collected. The case presentations, which included detailed clinical, radiographic, and sometimes histopathologic descriptions, were input into ChatGPT-4o. The model was prompted to provide a single most likely diagnosis for each case. These outputs were then compared to the final diagnoses established by expert consensus in each original case report. The accuracy of ChatGPT-4o was calculated based on exact diagnostic matches.
resultsChatGPT-4o correctly diagnosed 96 out of 123 cases, achieving an overall diagnostic accuracy of 78%. Nevertheless, even in cases where the exact diagnosis was not provided, the model often suggested one of the clinically reasonable differential diagnoses.
conclusionsChatGPT-4o demonstrates a promising ability to assist in the diagnostic process of complex maxillofacial conditions, with a relatively high accuracy rate in challenging cases. While it is not a replacement for expert clinical judgment, large language models may offer valuable decision support in oral and maxillofacial radiology, particularly in educational or consultative contexts. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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