Predictiveness and drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe.

Avian Influenza (AI) outbreaks are on an increasing trajectory. This disease carries a substantial economic burden, resulting in considerable losses to farmers with profound impacts on economies. As the outbreaks continue in birds and other unusual host species, further virus evolution and spillover to humans' risk is anticipated to grow and potentially involve into new pandemics. Despite this, the underlying drivers of the outbreaks remain elusive. We develop machine learning models capable of predicting HPAI events in Europe dynamically uncovering the critical determinants of their onset. Temperature, water index, vegetation index, and poultry density play pivotal roles, with their importance coming into play at different times of the year. Temperature, water index, and vegetation index are important in the ecology of pathogen transmission as well as environmental ecological processes while water index determines how birds aggregate at different locations depending on the season of the year. Combining these drivers, the outbreak pattern is predicted with an accuracy of 94% for model two (M2). A true out of sample with the same model yielded 88% accuracy highlighting its predicting capability. These insights lay a robust foundation for elucidating the intricate landscape of AI outbreaks, offering valuable insights for proactive preventive interventions to mitigate spillover.