ArticleClinical and experimental dental research2025
Evaluation of Root Canal Cleaning and Irrigant Penetration Using Different Irrigation Protocols: A Combined SEM and Single-Tooth Micro-CT Study.
Article in Clinical and experimental dental research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Three-Year Apical Outcomes in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis Following Primary Endodontic Treatment or Nonsurgical Retreatment: A Retrospective Clinical Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Comparison of Laser and Conventional Root Canal Disinfection Protocols in an dual-biofilm in-vitro model.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Impact of electrode distance, axial position, and energization time on cauterization of root canal isthmuses using high-frequency current.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial activity of Nd: YAG irradiation, laser activated photodynamic therapy and passive ultrasonic irrigation on enterococcus faecalis biofilms (an ex vivo study).BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Single-Cone vs. Carrier-Based Root Canal Obturation with a Calcium-Silicate-Based Sealer: An In Vitro µ-CT Analysis.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of interactions between sealers and irrigants on the physicochemical and surface characteristics of endodontic sealers.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Comparative efficacy of semiconductor laser and sodium hypochlorite irrigation for elimination ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Effect of ultrasonic versus laser-activated irrigation on smear layer removal - AnBioinformation · 2026Article
- Does cleaning of post space before cementation of fiber reinforced post affect the push-out bond strength to resin cement?BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Comparative evaluation of irrigant penetration up to working length and into lateral canals using side-vented needle, passive ultrasonic, and COXO's continuous rotary canal cleaning system.Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study evaluated the effectiveness of different irrigation techniques in removing debris and smear layers and in improving irrigant penetration within root canals. Particular attention was given to the 3D Cleaning technique, which combines ultrasonic activation with internal heating of sodium hypochlorite. MATERIAL AND
methodsFifty-one single-rooted human mandibular premolars were used. Group A (n = 50) was divided into five subgroups (n = 10 each), each receiving a different irrigation protocol (control, syringe irrigation, sonic activation, ultrasonic activation, and 3D Cleaning). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at ×1000 magnification was used to evaluate debris and smear layer removal based on a validated scoring system. Group B (n = 1) consisted of a single premolar with a lateral canal in the apical third, examined using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The same tooth underwent all five irrigation protocols in sequence, with radiopaque irrigant penetration evaluated after each and confirmed through sequential micro-CT scans. A power analysis confirmed the adequacy of sample size (n = 50; α = 0.05, power = 80%). Non-parametric tests were used, including Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA for intergroup comparisons, followed by Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction for post hoc pairwise analysis (p < 0.05 considered significant).
resultsThe 3D Cleaning technique (ultrasonic activation + internal heating) achieved the lowest debris and smear layer scores and the highest irrigant penetration depth (~0.6 mm) into the lateral canal. The control group showed no penetration and the highest debris scores. Conventional syringe and sonic activation showed moderate cleaning and penetration (0.2-0.3 mm), while ultrasonic activation alone showed slightly better results (~0.4 mm).
conclusionThe 3D Cleaning technique demonstrated superior effectiveness in root canal cleaning and irrigant penetration compared to conventional irrigation methods. These results support the clinical relevance of heating-activated irrigation protocols to enhance root canal disinfection.
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