ArticleClinical gerontologist
Decomposing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Risk and Protective Factors of Dementia in the U.S.
Article in Clinical gerontologist. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Racial and Ethnic Reporting and Representation in US Alzheimer Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Risk Factors Measured Around Age 60 as Predictors of Dementia Around Age 80 in the U.S.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Examining the Decision to Take a Dementia Risk Test: Considerations for Privacy in Screening At-Home.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study investigates racial/ethnic disparities in dementia risk and protective factors using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP).
methodsA retrospective analysis of 3,495 individuals aged 65+ from the 2016 HCAP linked to the HRS was conducted. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Risk factors included midlife cardiovascular conditions, hearing loss, current smoking, depression, and physical inactivity. Protective factors were education and wealth. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method was used to quantify the contribution of these factors in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive functioning.
resultsBlack participants had 2.883 times higher odds of developing dementia compared to Whites, while Hispanic participants had 1.230 times higher odds (not statistically significant). Mid- and late-life risk and protective factors explained 32% of the cognitive gap between Black and White participants, and 70% between Hispanic and White participants, leaving 68% and 30% unexplained, respectively.
conclusionsAddressing disparities in education, wealth, cardiovascular risks, depression, and hearing loss can reduce cognitive dysfunction in older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should target modifiable risk factors like depression and physical inactivity, particularly in minority populations. Addressing socioeconomic disparities is also crucial for improving cognitive health.
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Registered trials
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