ArticleRSC advances2025
A mechanistic study on the humic substance formation from 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural in alkaline solutions.
Article in RSC advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Selective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in HMF-Containing Mild-Alkaline Electrolytes on Structurally Engineered MoSEnergy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
One of the major challenges in the oxidation of the carbohydrate-based 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) - a reaction of great relevance for the production of biopolymers - is the need for alkaline conditions. Many of the published oxidation systems operate at pH 13-14, at which a self-polymerization of HMF to strongly colored humic substances occurs. To date, this side reaction has only been investigated to a limited extent. This study presents a first investigation of the humic substance formation of alkaline HMF solutions upon storage over a period of more than 200 hours. A comparison of the HMF degradation with that of its benzyl analog 4-(hydroxymethyl)-benzaldehyde (HMB) showed that humic substance formation is caused by the opening of the furan ring, which subsequently induces linking of the individual HMF molecules. Parallel to this, the Cannizzaro reaction proceeds, which, in the observed concentration range of 20-100 mM, converted approx. 20% of the initial HMF. Further analysis of the humic substance formation by UV/Vis spectroscopy revealed that this process can be separated into a "build-up" phase (within the first 24 h) and an "aging" phase (after 24 h), in which the colored humic material is decolorized again due to the presence of dissolved atmospheric O
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