Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40672807›Full record

ArticleJournal of inflammation research2025

Heightened Innate Immune and Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Skin of Severe COVID-19 Cases.

Iara Grigoletto Fernandes, Frederico Moraes Ferreira, Emanuella Sarmento Alho De Sousa, Anna Julia Pietrobon, Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira, Yasmim Álefe Leuzzi Ramos, Tatiana Mina Yendo, Natalli Zanete Pereira, Mirian Nacagami Sotto, Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Iara Grigoletto FernandesLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Frederico Moraes FerreiraCellular, Genetic, and Molecular Nephrology Laboratory (LIM-29), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Emanuella Sarmento Alho De SousaLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-8861-635X
Anna Julia PietrobonLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Franciane Mouradian Emidio TeixeiraLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Yasmim Álefe Leuzzi RamosLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Tatiana Mina YendoLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Natalli Zanete PereiraLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Mirian Nacagami SottoLaboratory of Medical Investigation 50, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-6380-7192
Amaro Nunes Duarte-NetoLaboratory of Medical Investigation 50, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-6659-7186
Raquel Leão OrfaliLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Valeria AokiLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Luiz Fernando Ferraz Da SilvaLaboratory of Medical Investigation 50, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Alberto José da Silva DuarteLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Maria Notomi SatoLaboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-7911-1824

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: Cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit significant variability, yet the role of innate immune responses in the skin of COVID-19 patients remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic profile of skin samples from patients who succumbed to COVID-19. Patients and Methods: Skin autopsies from COVID-19 patients with post-mortem time of less than 20 hours were obtained from University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital and healthy skin samples, were submitted to RNA sequencing analysis. Validation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed by real-Time PCR. Results: Our analysis revealed markedly elevated expression of type I interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral factors, antioxidant enzymes, and components of several cytokine-signaling pathways in COVID-19 skin samples compared to healthy controls. SARS-CoV-2 infection robustly induced numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFITs, IRF, S100 family with a notable enrichment of those associated with antiviral and inflammatory responses. Moreover, the presence of counter-regulatory factors such as SOCS3 and NFKBIA indicate the involvement of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the skin. Furthermore, deconvolution data indicated increased presence of macrophages other nucleated cells in vessels in the skin of COVID-19 patients, highlighting the involvement of innate immune mechanisms. Conclusion: The results revealed cutaneous alterations in the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and inflammation factors. This suggests that, unlike tissues with viral tropism, the skin is enriched with antiviral factors to defend against SARS-CoV-2. This information could be useful for developing specific antiviral therapies.

Indexed as

COVID-19innate immunityRNA-SeqSARS-CoV-2skin

Identifiers

PMID40672807
PMCPMC12266056

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.