ArticleAmerican journal of translational research2025
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) induced macrophage biphasic polarization regulated by dexamethasone in vivo.
Article in American journal of translational research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate macrophage polarization dynamics in vivo after implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) incorporated biomaterials, with a focus on dose-dependent effects and polarization modulation strategies.
methodsA murine dorsal subcutaneous implantation model was utilized to analyze macrophage responses to varying concentrations of rhBMP-2-loaded biomaterials with or without dexamethasone (Dex). Polarization patterns were assessed through phenotypic characterization and cytokine expression profiling.
resultsElevated rhBMP-2 concentrations amplified macrophage polarization activities, and concurrent activation of M1 and M2 polarization was observed accompanied by enhanced expression of both pro-inflammatory (M1-associated) and anti-inflammatory (M2-associated) cytokines. Dexamethasone co-administration effectively attenuated pro-inflammatory polarization patterns induced by high-dose rhBMP-2 implants while preserving regenerative cytokine expression.
conclusionsOptimized rhBMP-2 dosage facilitates a balanced macrophage polarization state, creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment through coordinated inflammatory resolution and tissue remodeling signals. For clinical applications requiring high rhBMP-2 doses, concurrent short-term anti-inflammatory therapy (e.g., dexamethasone) is recommended to mitigate excessive M1 polarization without compromising osteoinductive capacity.
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