ArticleResearch square2025
Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Pregnant Women with and without HIV: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.
Article in Research square, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Updated by
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Both COVID-19 disease and HIV infection Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of pregnant women enrolled at 20-36 weeks gestation at two health facilities in southern Malawi between 2018 and 2022. SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined via serologic testing at enrollment and delivery. Participants were enrolled into three groups based on HIV status and viral suppression: (1) WLWH with detectable viral load (VL), (2) WLWH with undetectable VL, and (3) HIV-negative women. We used multivariable logistic regression with adjustment for confounding to evaluate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the following adverse birth outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), stillbirth or early neonatal death, and a composite outcome. We further assessed any interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and HIV infection on adverse birth outcomes. Results: Among 905 women, 29% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Most (87%) infections were mild or asymptomatic. In the total population, SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly associated with SGA births (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.03-2.13) but was not associated with other adverse outcomes. Among WLWH, SARS-CoV-2 positivity was significantly associated with increased odds of LBW (aOR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.10-3.91) and SGA births (aOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.01-2.91). The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection among WLWH did not differ based on VL. Conclusion: Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes, particularly among WLWH, suggesting HIV-related immune modulation may heighten vulnerability to adverse pregnancy outcomes in the context of other infectious exposures. These findings underscore the need for integrated antenatal care and targeted infection prevention strategies for pregnant women with HIV in high-burden settings. Additionally, in light of recent changes in recommendations for COVID-19 vaccinations, these findings highlight the ongoing need for infection prevention among pregnant women globally.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.