Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40671190›Full record

ArticleChinese medical journal2025

Trends and sex disparities in the burden of urolithiasis in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021.

Junjiong Zheng, Qihang Zhang, Jie Zhang, Yuhui Yao, Li Chen, Yunfei Liu, Yi Song, Tianxin Lin, Guohua He

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Chinese medical journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Observational
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Junjiong ZhengDepartment of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
Qihang ZhangDepartment of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
Jie ZhangDepartment of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
Yuhui YaoDepartment of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
Li ChenInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China.
Yunfei LiuInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China.
Yi SongInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China.
Tianxin LinDepartment of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
Guohua HeDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUrolithiasis is a widespread disease with a high prevalence worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the disease burden of urolithiasis and its trends from 1990 to 2021 globally, based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 database.

methodsThe numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality of urolithiasis were extracted from GBD 2021 to represent the disease burden. Joinpoint regression analyses were conducted to assess the temporal trends in the burden of urolithiasis. The male-to-female ASR ratio indices were used to evaluate sex disparities. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the ASR ratio and the sociodemographic index (SDI).

resultsThe total numbers of incidence, DALY, and mortality of urolithiasis were 105,983,780 cases (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 88,349,356-128,645,155 cases), 693,444 cases (95% UI = 567,765-850,490 cases), and 17,672 cases (95% UI = 13,932-21,241 cases), respectively, in 2021. There is an increasing trend in the number of these measures globally, whereas the ASRs have decreased over the past 30 years. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were significantly higher in males than in females in 2021. The sex disparities in the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) and ASMR of urolithiasis were negatively correlated with the SDI. In 2021, the ASIR of urolithiasis was 964.70 (95% UI = 801.26-1175.09) per 100,000 people in China, which is much lower than the global average (1242.84 [95% UI = 1034.94-1506.99] per 100,000 people). Compared with the global average, a more pronounced decline in ASIR was observed in China from 1793.16 (1446.0-2235.14) in 1990 to 964.70 (801.26-1175.09) per 100,000 people in 2021.

conclusionsUrolithiasis poses a significant healthcare burden worldwide. More robust global and national strategies are warranted to address the prevention and treatment, especially in low SDI countries and regions.

Indexed as

UrolithiasisAdultDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsSex FactorsDisability-adjusted life yearsDisease burdenIncidenceMortalitySex disparitySociodemographic indexUrolithiasis

Identifiers

PMID40671190
PMCPMC12369707

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.