ArticleDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2026
Incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs and disabilities in children in the UK.
Article in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs and disabilities in children in the UK.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
aimTo investigate the incidence of developmental disorders (including cerebral palsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder) and special educational needs provision and to explore associations with gestational age and ethnicity.
methodCumulative incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs provision up to age 12 years/end of school year 7 respectively was explored using multivariable logistic regression in the Born in Bradford cohort, UK. Incidence rates of individual developmental disorders were calculated.
resultsThere were 13 172 children included in the analysis cohort. Birth before full term was associated with increased odds of developmental disorder compared with birth at full term: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for those born before 34 weeks 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-3.12); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.43 (95% CI 1.12-1.81); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.34). Effect sizes were larger among Pakistani heritage children: aOR for those born before 34 weeks 2.59 (95% CI 1.55-4.33); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.08-2.27); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06-1.56). Unadjusted incidence rates of developmental disorders varied with ethnicity; compared with Pakistani heritage children, White British children had higher rates (per 1000 person-years) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1 vs. 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.4), and lower incidences of learning disabilities (0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0 vs. 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9).
interpretationIrrespective of ethnicity, children born before full term are at increased risk of developmental disorders and/or special educational needs.
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