ArticleEcotoxicology (London, England)2025
The effects of multi-generational exposure to Fluorine-Free Foam (F3) alternatives on Daphnia magna tolerance.
Article in Ecotoxicology (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have historically been a key component in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used in fire suppression. With the increasing emphasis on phasing out PFAS use due to health and environmental concerns, several new chemical technologies have been used to create fluorine-free foam (F3) alternatives. Recent research has demonstrated that these replacement formulations are more acutely toxic to aquatic species than the traditional PFAS-containing AFFF. Given their relatively high acute toxicity, prolonged exposure to the formulations could lead to adaptive responses (i.e., evolved tolerance) in exposed populations. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic exposure to six F3 alternatives and one PFAS-containing AFFF on tolerance to the formulations in the water flea Daphnia magna. Following an 84-day exposure to different concentrations of each formulation, we used a series of laboratory lethal concentration (LC
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