ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2026
Tracing trauma: a longitudinal study on PTSD, traumatic incidents, and social support among Icelandic adults.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo longitudinally assess traumatic experiences, new trauma incidences, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social support, as well as how these variables are interconnected over time.
methodThe results are based on a three-wave longitudinal survey (from 2019 to 2022) including a random sample of Icelandic adults. Of 1766 respondents, 1528 had experienced a traumatic event and were included in the analysis. Of those, 1029 responded at wave 2 and 596 at wave 3.
resultsThe new incidence rate of exposure to traumatic events was high, with 52.1% of participants reporting at least one new trauma type in the first year and 39.6% in the second year. There were no demographic differences in lifetime traumatic experiences or new incidence rates. However, being younger, female, and less educated was associated with a higher PTSD symptoms severity score. Prior trauma history increased the likelihood of experiencing a new traumatic event, especially within one year of the previous incident. Furthermore, additional trauma types were associated with greater PTSD severity. Finally, while social support was predictive of lower PTSD severity, the results also suggest that interpersonal problems related to PTSD symptoms could undermine available support.
conclusionsThese findings emphasize the complex interplay between trauma, PTSD, and social support. Interventions should focus on both mitigating the immediate impact of trauma and addressing its cumulative effects. Strengthening support networks and tailored interventions for those with PTSD could significantly alleviate the lasting impact of traumatic experiences on mental health.
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