Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40670719›Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2026

Nanobody-based bispecific antibody engagers targeting CTLA-4 or PD-L1 for cancer immunotherapy.

Xin Liu, Camille Le Gall, Ryan K Alexander, Ella Borgman, Thomas Balligand, Hidde L Ploegh

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Fc-engineering for improved cancer immunotherapy.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026
    Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Beyond conceptual advances in cancer therapies.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Xin Liu *Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-4201
Camille Le Gall *Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-5115
Ryan K Alexander *Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Ella BorgmanProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-8570-1686
Thomas BalligandProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Hidde L PloeghProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hidde.ploegh@childrens.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-6071

Funding

Imposing order on the family of ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes through intracellular perturbation with nanobodiesDP1AI150593 · NIAID · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI PLOEGH, HIDDE L. · 2019 to 2023
$7.1M
Armed nanobodies as anti-infectives and anti-tumor agentsR01AI182177 · NIAID · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI Hao Wu · 2024 to 2026
$1.6M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI182177U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) DP1AI150593U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) NIH R01AI182177U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) R01AI182177
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As immune checkpoint blockade induces durable responses in only a subset of patients, more effective immunotherapies are needed. Here we present bispecific antibody engagers, fusion proteins composed of a nanobody that recognizes immunoglobulin kappa light chains (VHH

Indexed as

Antibodies, BispecificB7-H1 AntigenCTLA-4 AntigenImmunotherapyNeoplasmsSingle-Domain AntibodiesAnimalsCell Line, TumorColorectal NeoplasmsFemaleHumansMiceAntibodies, BispecificB7-H1 AntigenCD274 protein, humanCTLA-4 AntigenSingle-Domain Antibodies

Identifiers

PMID40670719
PMCPMC13159473

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.