Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40669920›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2025

Incidence of type 2 diabetes by socioeconomic deprivation in Germany between 2014 and 2019: an ecological study.

Katharina Piedboeuf-Potyka, Ramona Hering, Mandy Schulz, Malwina Mackowiak, Ralph Brinks, Oliver Kuß, Annika Hoyer, Thaddäus Tönnies

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Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Katharina Piedboeuf-PotykaInstitute for Biometry and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany katharina.piedboeuf@ddz.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-2730-7551
Ramona HeringDepartment of Healthcare Analyses, Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care, Berlin, Germany.
Mandy SchulzDepartment of Healthcare Analyses, Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care, Berlin, Germany.
Malwina MackowiakDepartment of Mathematics, Informatics, Technology, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
Ralph BrinksChair for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology (MBE), Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
Oliver KußInstitute for Biometry and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
Annika HoyerMedical School OWL, Biostatistics and Medical Biometry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Thaddäus TönniesInstitute for Biometry and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo estimate type 2 diabetes incidence trends by sex and socioeconomic position (SEP) and evaluate trends in SEP-related inequalities in incidence.

designEcological study using ambulatory claims data and regression-based modelling.

settingAll 401 counties in Germany, covering the entire country.

participantsAll individuals with statutory health insurance (~85% of the population). Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified annually from 2014 to 2019 using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision codes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident type 2 diabetes at the county level, adjusted for age and modelled using a mixed negative binomial regression. SEP was measured using the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation, and a random intercept accounted for county-level heterogeneity.

resultsThe incidence of type 2 diabetes decreased between 2014 and 2017 and plateaued thereafter. Trends were similar between sexes and deprivation levels. The greatest difference was observed between high and low deprivation, with an incidence rate ratio of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.27) among men and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.27) among women in 2014.

conclusionsThere was a positive trend in the decline in age-adjusted type 2 diabetes incidence between 2014 and 2019. However, social inequality persisted with deprived groups at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The level of inequality was comparable between men and women. Continued monitoring is essential to assess whether these short-term trends persist over time.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Social DeprivationAdultAgedFemaleGermanyHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedSocioeconomic FactorsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2EPIDEMIOLOGYHealth EquityPUBLIC HEALTH

Identifiers

PMID40669920
PMCPMC12273173

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