ArticlePLOS global public health2025
Sex differences in risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): A feasibility assessment of FINDRISC scoring and barriers to disease management in a low-income settlement of Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Comparative performance of FINDRISC and IDRS in screening for type 2 diabetes risk among Yemeni university students.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global public health concern, especially in Pakistan where an estimated 33 million people (aged 20-79 years) have diabetes. This pilot study explores T2DM risk using FINDRISC scoring, and examines participants' knowledge, attitudes, and costs of care related to T2DM across sexes.Adult participants (aged 25-65 years) residing in a low-income neighborhood in Rawalpindi, Pakistan were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected via SurveyCTO® software-based questionnaire, incorporating the standardized FINDRISC tool and questions assessing diabetes-related knowledge, management practices, and the costs associated with disease management. Standardized anthropometric measurements were obtained for all individuals. Descriptive analysis, cross tabulations by sexes, Chi-square, and Fisher Exact probability tests were performed using Stata 17. The study included 260 participants (84 men, 176 women) with a mean age of 41 ± 11.8 years. Anthropometric measures revealed obesity in 44% and elevated waist circumference in 45% of men and 83% of women. Based on FINDRISC scoring, 9 (13%) men and 30 (30%) women exhibited a high risk of developing T2DM (p < 0.01). Despite demonstrating higher knowledge and positive self-management practices towards diabetes, a higher proportion of women were classified as high and very high risk of developing T2DM compared to men (30% vs 13%, p < 0.01). Among self-reported cases of T2DM (49 participants), only 63% reported paying for their treatment, with women reporting higher average monthly expenditures than men, though differences were not statistically significant. Hence, despite higher knowledge and positive self-management practice toward diabetes, women are at greater risk of developing T2DM. The findings suggest the need for expanded community testing using the FINDRISC tool T2DM risk assessment in low-income settings and linking high-risk individuals to healthcare providers. Additionally, targeted health awareness campaigns among poor urban residents, particularly addressing socio-cultural barriers that increase T2DM risk among women, are recommended.
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