Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40666332›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2025

Genomic characterization of normal and aberrant human milk production.

Yarden Golan, Sarah K Nyquist, Zhe Liu, Dena Ennis, Jingjing Zhao, Emily Blair, Abdur Rahim Khan, Mary Prahl, Stephanie L Gaw, Moran Yassour and 3 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Yarden GolanDivision of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3043-3638
Sarah K NyquistGladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Zhe LiuDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Dena EnnisMicrobiology & Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Jingjing ZhaoDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Emily BlairDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Abdur Rahim KhanBenioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Mary PrahlDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Stephanie L GawDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0003-0891-6964
Moran YassourMicrobiology & Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Barbara E EngelhardtGladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Valerie J FlahermanDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0003-3117-927X
Nadav AhituvDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7434-8144

Funding

The Cellular Geography of Therapeutic Resistance in CancerU2CCA233195 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI JOHNSON, BRUCE E. · 2018 to 2023
$13.7M
A kinetic framework to map the genetic determinants of alternative RNA isoform expressionR01HG012967 · NHGRI · UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER · PI Barbara Engelhardt, Athma A Pai · 2023 to 2026
$3.0M
Placental malaria: The role of inflammation at the maternal-fetal interfaceK08AI141728 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GAW, STEPHANIE LINA · 2019 to 2023
$950k
Transcriptional variation in human milkF32HD114427 · NICHD · J. DAVID GLADSTONE INSTITUTES · PI Sarah Kate Nyquist · 2024 to 2026
$230k
Molecular mechanisms for regulation of volume and nutrient content of human milk and their relationship with infant growthK99HD113880 · NICHD · CORNELL UNIVERSITY · PI GOLAN MAOR, YARDEN · 2024 to 2024
$123k
NCI NIH HHS U2C CA233195NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG012967NIAID NIH HHS K08 AI141728NICHD NIH HHS F32 HD114427NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD113880
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Breastfeeding is essential for reducing infant morbidity and mortality, yet exclusive breastfeeding rates remain low, often due to insufficient milk supply. The molecular causes of low milk production are not well understood. Fresh milk samples from 30 lactating individuals, classified by milk production levels across postpartum stages, were analyzed using genomic and microbiome techniques. Bulk RNA sequencing of milk fat globules (MFG), milk cells, and breast tissue revealed that MFG-derived RNA closely mirrors luminal milk cells. Transcriptomic and single-cell RNA analyses identified changes in gene expression and cellular composition, highlighting key genes (GLP1R, PLIN4, KLF10) and cell-type differences between low and high producers. Infant microbiome diversity was influenced by feeding type but not maternal milk supply. This study provides a comprehensive human milk transcriptomic catalog and highlights that MFG could serve as a useful biomarker for milk transcriptome analysis, offering insights into the genetic factors influencing milk production.

Identifiers

PMID40666332
PMCPMC12262777

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.