ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Global burden of diabetes mellitus 1990-2021: epidemiological trends, geospatial disparities, and risk factor dynamics.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ecnoglutide in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Trends in prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension in urban India since 2000: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiologic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Dose-response and time-course effects of ecnoglutide in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Translational Pharmaceutical Perspectives on Quinones as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Agents in Diabetes and Its Complications.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Religious Coping and Diabetes Self-Care Behaviors Among Adults with Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Acceptability of Art Therapy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Nanjing, China.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gaps in Guideline-Concordant Care in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Real-World Analysis of Screening, Treatment, and Associated Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring Treatment Paradigms in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparison of Independent and Combined Therapeutic Approaches.Cureus · 2026Review
- Pheophytin a from Microcystis aeruginosa exerts antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat model.AMB Express · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Immune Atlases to Map Small Extracellular Vesicle Cargo in Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Roadmap.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mortality attributable to youth drinking in 194 WHO member countries/territories, 1990-2021.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- A Comparative Study of Topical Insulin Application Over Diabetic Foot Ulcers Versus a Normal Saline Dressing.Cureus · 2026Article
- Integrating Phytochemical Bioactivity and Glycemic Risk to Evaluate Fruits for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Korean Market Perspective.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Diabetes Mellitus Is an Independent Predictor of Short-Term Mortality in Critically Ill ICU Patients.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global burden of cancers attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2021 and projections until 2031.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Mortality trends in the co-occurrence of urinary tract cancer and diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Self-reported oral health indicators and glycemic status in community-dwelling adults: evidence from the Uonuma cohort study.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Cognitive and emotional pathways to diabetes distress: a structural equation and latent profile analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Expression and Significance of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in the Serum of Patients with Diabetes Kidney Disease.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus(DM) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by high incidence and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates. A comprehensive understanding of the disease burden of DM is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study analyzes the global burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study. In 2021, DM caused 1.66 million deaths, with age-standardized mortality rising by 7.95% since 1990. While Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mortality declined by 29.24%, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) accounted for 97.1% of deaths, with a 9.75% mortality increase. Geospatial analysis revealed extreme disparities: Pacific Island nations exhibited incidence rates >800/100,000, contrasting with <3/100,000 in Costa Rica and China. T1DM burden predominated in high-latitude regions (e.g., Finland), whereas T2DM mirrored overall DM distribution. DALYs for T2DM surged by 42.32%, disproportionately affecting Low-SDI regions. Age-stratified analyses identified distinct patterns: T2DM incidence peaked at 59-69 years, while T1DM DALYs peaked in early-middle adulthood (40-44 years). Risk factor hierarchies highlighted metabolic risks (e.g., high BMI) for T2DM and ambient temperature effects for T1DM. Despite progress in T1DM management, rising T2DM burden underscores urgent need for targeted prevention strategies addressing obesity, dietary risks, and environmental determinants. Study limitations include potential GBD data inaccuracies and ecological design constraints. These findings emphasize the imperative for region-specific interventions to mitigate the evolving diabetes pandemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.