The public health impacts of mining in Australia.

Australia is rich in minerals of commercial interest along with oil and gas, and mining activities are carried out in almost all states and territories. The public health impacts of mining on the Australian general population need to be addressed to enable a comprehensive cost-benefit assessment of these activities balanced against their broader impacts. This systematic search and thematic review of the literature evidenced that exposure to agents released during mining operations, such as cadmium, iron, manganese, zinc, arsenic and lead, is associated with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases in adults and children. Mining of lead is specifically associated with negative fertility effects in men and with intellectual disability and impaired immune function in children. Asbestos mining is associated with higher morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and non-respiratory cancers, and recent analyses have identified a higher risk of severe respiratory and circulatory diseases in communities in proximity to coal mining. Although unconventional gas extraction is more newly introduced in Australia, research has found a higher risk of hospitalisation by all-causes and for circulatory, respiratory and blood and immune diseases, especially in children. These findings are consistent with extensive research globally, but human studies in this field are scarce in Australia. Multisectoral approaches are required to address these impacts, including committed involvement of the mining industry, the academic sector and, especially, the different levels of government.