Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40665271›Full record

ArticleBMC psychiatry2025

Hypermethylation and increased expression of the DRD2 gene in schizophrenia.

Lili Qing, Tiantian Zou, Wensa Yin, Run Wu, Tiantian Cheng, Haodi Yuan, Chen Zhou, Xuanyu Chen, Jia Wang, Ting Yang and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Lili Qing *NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Tiantian Zou *NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Wensa Yin *Dept. of Medical, Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Mental Health Center Affiliated with Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Run WuNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Tiantian ChengNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Haodi YuanNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Chen ZhouNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Xuanyu ChenNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Jia WangNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Ting YangNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
Liping HuNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. ping772150@163.com.
Linlin LiuNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. liull0818@126.com.
Shengjie NieNHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. nieshengjie@126.com.

Funding

Kunming Medical University Talent Introduction Research Project K132310511the Funds for the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province 202201AT070119the Joint Special Funds for the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province-Kunming Medical University 202301AY070001-232 and 202401AY070001-058the Key Project of the Joint Special Funds for the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province 202501AS070018the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31860300the NHC Key Lab of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University) Open Projects Fund KN202411 and KN202420the Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Yunnan Province 2023Y0616
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most serious mental disorders, and dysfunction of the dopamine system is a key pathological hypothesis for SCZ. The DRD2 gene is a risk gene for SCZ, and its methylation is also considered an important marker of SCZ. Among methylation sites of A total of 21 CpG sites were detected2, the CpG island upstream of exon 1 has been the most commonly studied. To our knowledge, CpG islands in other regions upstream of the start codon have not been studied.

methodsMethylTarget was used to assess the methylation of 52 CpG sites in three regions of DRD2 exon 1 and intron 1, and ELISA was used to measure DRD2 protein levels.

resultsThe methylation level of DRD2 as a whole and in the three assessed regions was significantly greater in the SCZ group than in the control group, and 26 of 52 CpG sites were significantly hypermethylated. When patients were divided by sex, 22 CpG sites with significant differences were identified in males, whereas only 2 CpG sites were identified in females by t test. After multiple testing correction, the statistical significance was attenuated for some loci. DRD2 expression in SCZ patients was lower than that in the control group.

conclusionsThese results suggest that hypermethylation and low expression of the DRD2 gene may be related to SCZ risk.

Indexed as

DNA MethylationReceptors, Dopamine D2SchizophreniaAdultCase-Control StudiesCpG IslandsFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMaleMiddle AgedDRD2 protein, humanReceptors, Dopamine D2DNA methylationDRD2 geneGene expressionSchizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID40665271
PMCPMC12265376

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.