ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021 and the impact on prevention and control.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genomic Detection of Multidrug-Resistant H58 ST1 Salmonella Typhi in a South African Urban Waterway Reveals Epidemiological Links With Clinical Isolates.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: Mechanism of Action, Structural Insights, and Translational Challenges - A Review.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: Mechanism of Action, Structural Insights, and Translational Challenges - A Review.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Integrating environmental and clinical surveillance for typhoid: insights from a prospective wastewater surveillance study in urban India.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Article
- Presence of globally prominent multidrug-resistant genotypes ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Performance of mechanically sheared DNA in multiplexed Oxford Nanopore sequencing forMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Optimal intervention and cost effectiveness analysis of a typhoid fever transmission model with environmental contamination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Molecular dynamics simulation of a novel multi-epitope vaccine design against Salmonella enterica paratyphi A using a computational approach.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of a bivalent conjugate vaccine againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with paratyphoid a fever: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Observational
- Examining epidemiological models and economic analyses of typhoid conjugate vaccine: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Lightweight neural networks with anti-colored noise for bearing fault diagnosis using deep separable convolution and transfer learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards food safety amongst school children, food handlers and consumers: protocol for a pre-post longitudinal study in North East India.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTyphoid and paratyphoid fever are common infectious diseases and remain a heavy burden, especially in some low-income countries. Although the global burden has decreased over the past three decades, an analysis of the burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever will help inform public health strategies.
methodsThis study is aimed to comprehensively evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of typhoid and paratyphoid, and the temporal trends while exploring potential associations with socio-demographic development over three decades (1990-2021). Data on typhoid and paratyphoid fever were analyzed using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2021. For this analysis, we calculated to demonstrate temporal trends in the incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, both typhoid and paratyphoid fever showed declining trends globally and in different socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, including incidence, mortality, and DALYs. For typhoid fever worldwide, new cases decreased by 62.12%, with an EAPC of -3.92 (-4.14, -3.71); deaths decreased by 50.65%, EAPC - 2.83 (-2.99, -2.66), and DALYs decreased by 52.30%, EAPC - 2.82 (-3.00, -2.64). For paratyphoid fever, new cases decreased by 73.15%, with an EAPC of -4.77 (-5.29, -4.26); deaths decreased by 65.44%, EAPC - 3.74 (-4.24, -3.24), and DALYs decreased by 68.42%, EAPC - 3.87 (-4.42, -3.31). For both typhoid and paratyphoid fever, children had the highest morbidity and mortality rates; males had higher rates of incidence, mortality, and DALYs than females. However, among older patients, the absolute number of new cases and DALYs was higher in women. The burden is concentrated in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, with only South Asia suffering severely from paratyphoid fever. Regarding typhoid fever, the top three countries with the highest ASRs of incidence are Burkina Faso (328.48) (SDI: 0.285), Bangladesh (303.14) (SDI: 0.492), and Papua New Guinea (299.45) (SDI: 418) which are in Western Sub-Saharan, South Asia, and Oceania. The top three countries in terms of mortality and DALYs are Bhutan (5.61; 434.23) (SDI: 0.473), Bangladesh (5.06; 382.38), and Burkina Faso (4.64; 352.57). Regarding paratyphoid fever, the top three countries with the highest ASRs of mortality and DALYs are the same, including Pakistan (1.05; 72.66), India (0.75; 53.42), and Nepal (0.72; 50.65) (SDI: 0.433), all of which are located in South Asia.
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