ArticleNature communications2025
Variable lymphocyte receptor F is generated via somatic diversification and expressed by lamprey T-like cells.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The mechanistic and evolutionary diversity of programmed DNA elimination.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- The Structure of Vertebrate Antigen Receptor Repertoires: An Evolutionary Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Multiple evolutionary routes to immune diversification across animals.International immunology · 2026Review
- An invariant VLR-like receptor refines the T-like cell framework in lamprey.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Biological foundation models illuminate annotation blind spots in evolutionarily divergent genomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ancient IL-6-STAT5 signaling orchestrates inflammation in jawless vertebrates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Perspective: the variable lymphocyte receptor B system in the gut of the sea lamprey.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
All extant jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfishes) possess a unique adaptive immune system characterized by highly variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) that are assembled in developing lymphocytes using leucine-rich-repeat donor cassettes. Five VLR types have been identified in lampreys: VLRA, VLRB, VLRC, VLRD, and VLRE. VLRB-expressing lymphocytes are functional analogs to B cells, whereas VLRA, VLRC, VLRD, and VLRE-expressing lymphocytes are more akin to T cells of jawed vertebrates. Here we define an additional VLR, designated VLRF. VLRF is phylogenetically closest to VLRA, with which it likely shares a common ancestral gene of at least 250 million years in the past. VLR assembly analyses show that VLRA, VLRC, VLRD, VLRE, and VLRF share donor cassettes through long-range intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions, whereas VLRB utilizes a distinct, dedicated cassette set. The pattern of gene expression, donor cassette usage, and distinctive amino acid composition in the C-terminal stalk suggest that VLRF⁺ lymphocytes may represent an additional T-like sub-lineage, adding further complexity to the VLR-based adaptive immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.