ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2025
Estrogen, menopause, and Alzheimer's disease: understanding the link to cognitive decline in women.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dementia incidence across countries: a sex-specific ecological analysis of cancer incidence.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Greater temporo-occipital gray matter volume and frontoparietal cortical thickness in post-menopausal women: a UK Biobank study.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Chronic hypertension and social isolation disrupt the blood-brain barrier and memory in a sex-dependent manner.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Small-Molecule NANT Therapeutics Targeting the Brain-Immune Axis in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, and Translational Challenges.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology.Neurology · 2026Article
- Associations between serum estradiol and estrone and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: An analysis in female participants from the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia Longitudinal Cohort Study (EPAD LCS).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Estrogen Withdrawal-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Menopausal Women: Mechanisms and Prospects for Integrated Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Acute wood smoke exposure is associated with cell-specific hippocampal transcriptomic responses in an accelerated ovarian failure mouse model.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Migraine and menopause as converging factors in brain vulnerability: a hypothesis-driven perspective.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- The complex of gut microbial metabolites and sex hormones in Alzheimer's disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Osteocalcin is a compensatory hormone to protect the nervous system in ovariectomized mice.npj aging · 2026Article
- The association between neurofilament light chain and cognitive function: a UK Biobank cohort study.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Transdermal Hormonal Therapy in Menopause: Current Evidence and Personalized Approaches.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Characteristics of Executive Function in School-Aged Girls With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Intracranial inflammation and meningeal fibrosis are associated with perivascular changes, altered CSF tracer dynamics, and cognitive decline in a rat model of communicating hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Women's reproductive factors predict local brain aging profiles mapped using deep neural networks.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Assessing the Roles of Aging, Estrogen, Nutrition, and Neuroinflammation in Women and Their Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From artery to memory: a comparative review of vascular cognitive impairment surgical models.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Thioredoxin-1 Regulates Microglia Polarization to Ameliorate Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment Following Tumor-Therapeutic Ovariectomy.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
- Age-dependent associations of peripheral inflammatory biomarkers with cognition and brain structural abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related mild cognitive impairment.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Women face a significantly higher lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) than men. This disparity is often attributed to longer female longevity, but growing evidence suggests a multifactorial origin, including hormonal, vascular, and immunologic contributions. Estrogen plays a critical neuroprotective role across multiple systems implicated in AD pathogenesis, including synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial function, and cerebrovascular integrity. However, clinical trials investigating hormone therapy (HT) for AD prevention have yielded mixed results, in part due to variability in study populations, timing of intervention, and formulation of hormones. Aims/methods: This review examines the biological rationale for estrogen's role in cognitive aging, synthesizes clinical and translational data on hormone therapy and AD risk, and highlights the importance of vascular comorbidity, including cerebral small vessel disease, in mediating AD pathology. Conclusion: We propose that estrogen's neuroprotective potential may be best realized in personalized treatment frameworks that account for age, timing, APOE genotype, and vascular burden. Interpretation of estrogen's role in AD is further complicated by variability in diagnostic criteria, which may contribute to conflicting findings across studies. Recognition of menopause-related cognitive impairment as an early, hormonally modulated risk state may offer additional opportunity for timely intervention. Addressing this complexity is essential to refining AD prevention strategies in midlife women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.