Trial reportJournal of the International AIDS Society2025
Cost and clinical flow of point-of-care urine tenofovir testing for treatment monitoring among people living with HIV initiating ART in South Africa.
Trial report in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04341779 (Simplifying Treatment and Monitoring for HIV), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Simplifying Treatment and Monitoring for HIV (STREAM HIV): Point-of-Care Urine Tenofovir Adherence and Viral Load Testing to Improve HIV Outcomes in South Africa
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPoint-of-care (POC) urine tenofovir (TFV) tests can provide timely information regarding antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence to support management of HIV treatment in clinics. However, there are limited data on the costs and feasibility of integrating POC testing into HIV clinics in sub-Saharan Africa. We characterized clinic flow and implementation costs of POC adherence testing for persons initiating ART in HIV care clinics in South Africa.
methodsWe conducted a microcosting within a randomized controlled implementation trial of POC TFV test in government clinics in Durban, South Africa (STREAM HIV). Time-and-motion observation was conducted between 1st March and 31st December 2022, to assess staff and client time needed for POC TFV testing and counselling. We estimated both financial and economic costs for capital, clinic consumables and personnel using a provider (national government) perspective.
resultsThe estimated cost of POC TFV was USD $13 per client, assuming a clinic volume of 20 individuals initiating ART per month. The largest component costs of POC TFV testing were the test strip consumables, which accounted for 53% of the test cost. The median total time of a clinic visit with a POC TFV test, starting from client registration, was 49:19 (minutes: seconds) (IQR: 29:19-89:35). TFV testing took 9:22 (IQR: 7:35-14:11), taking up 19% of the total clinic visit time, including sample collection, sample loading, TFV test processing and counselling provision based on test results. Overall, 29% of the clinic visit time included direct clinical care and assessment with a provider, with clients spending a median 14:09 (IQR: 10:35-21:22) getting vitals checked, receiving adherence monitoring via POC TFV testing, and collecting their ART refill. Waiting in line for ART took most (48%) of the clinic visit time.
conclusionsPOC TFV testing can be administered at reasonable costs, requires less than 10 minutes of healthcare provider time, and, therefore, may be feasible to implement in South African clinics. Findings can inform policy and budgetary planning for ART monitoring in South Africa and future cost-effectiveness analyses of POC TFV testing. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04341779.
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