ReviewTropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines2025
A scoping review: the impact of nutritional status on the efficacy, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.
Review in Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- A scoping review: the impact of nutritional status on the efficacy, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVaccination is one of the most effective strategies in mitigating the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While a connection between poor nutritional status and diminished immune responses to vaccination has been noted, comprehensive reviews elucidating this association have been scarce. To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review to characterise the relationship between nutritional status (specifically, body mass index (BMI) or micronutrient deficiencies) and the responses to COVID-19 vaccination, encompassing efficacy, effectiveness, and immunogenicity.
methodWe searched PubMed, OVID-Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Covid Register, LitCovid, and WHO COVID-19 research databases for studies that reported the association between nutritional status and responses to the COVID-19 vaccines (published between December 20, 2019, and December 30, 2023). Two reviewers independently screened the articles, and disagreements were resolved through consensus or by a third reviewer.
resultsSeventy-three out of 1,853 identified articles were included in this review, predominantly featuring cohort designs (72%). Among these studies, 63% reported BMI, 30% focused on micronutrients (specifically vitamin D, selenium, iron, zinc), and 6% examined both. Most studies (84%) focused on vaccine immunogenicity. The most frequently studied vaccines were BNT162b2 (Pfizer, 74%), ChAdOx (AstraZeneca, 23%), and mRNA-1273 (Moderna, 14%). High BMI significantly reduced COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity in 23 studies, while adequate vitamin D was associated with increased vaccine response in seven studies.
conclusionOvernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin D, iron, selenium and zinc) have been observed to attenuate the potency of COVID-19 vaccines. Future strategies aimed at prioritizing vaccination in obese and overweight individuals, or enhancing their vaccine response, may involve identifying measures such as the provision of booster doses. Additionally, efforts should ensure micronutrient adequacy, including improving vitamin D status through strategies like increased sun exposure or supplementation, particularly for deficient individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.