ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Ghosts of weather past? Impact of past and present weather-related factors on the seasonal questing activity of Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southwestern Finland.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tick-borne viruses: discovery, clinical aspects, influencing factors and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Sixty years of climate impact on Ixodes ricinus (Ixodidae).Experimental & applied acarology · 2026Article
- Lyme borreliosis incidence in relation to mammalian abundance, climate, and landscape characteristics in a boreal area.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHard ticks are responsible for spreading several zoonotic infections globally. Of the main vector species in Europe, Ixodes ricinus, nymphal ticks cause the largest number of disease cases. Therefore, understanding the seasonal questing behaviour of this life stage is particularly crucial for public health. We assessed seasonal variation in questing abundance of I. ricinus nymphs on a tick-infested island in southwestern Finland. Our primary goal was to examine which abiotic factors, such as meteorological conditions from the recent past, influence the seasonal questing activity of I. ricinus nymphs, and whether these influences manifest similarly across different times and habitat types.
methodsTicks were collected in 2012-2021 by cloth dragging from five different biotopes around the island. Three 50-m study transects were placed in each biotope, for a total of 15 transects. Air temperature and relative humidity were measured at the moment of sampling. Daily temperature and rainfall readings were obtained from weather stations.
resultsAcross all biotopes, the overall density of I. ricinus nymphs was 10.6 ticks/100 m
conclusionsIncreasing nymph densities were observed during a 10-year study period. While temperature measurements taken during the time of dragging did not appear to greatly influence the observed tick numbers, the recent past temperature variables were significant in all the natural biotopes. The results suggest that, in the clearly seasonal climate of southwestern Finland, the main factors shaping phenological patterns of I. ricinus nymphs during their main activity period are the progress of the season and a heat-related reduction in questing activity.
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