ArticleBMC nephrology2025
Global trends of chronic kidney disease from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of intra-dialytic pedaling exercise on dialysis adequacy: A randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2026Trial
- [The Nephrogeriatrics Research Network-achieving more through interdisciplinary approaches].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Kidney organoids as models for hereditary kidney diseases: Toward precision medicine (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Late-adolescent weight categories and early kidney disease in young adulthood: a nationwide study of Arab and Jewish Israelis.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Effect of complement 3/5 knockout on renal proteomics landscape after ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in chronic kidney disease: Early detection, risk prediction, and personalized treatment strategies.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- When more diagnoses do not mean more disease: a data-driven reassessment of global chronic disease trends, 2011-2025.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Rare variant optimized GWAS with functional validation identifies causal architecture of kidney function in East Asian population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ketone Body Supplementation Exerts Renoprotective Effects Against Adenine-Induced Kidney Injury via OXCT1-Mediated Ketolysis in Mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Endocrine disorders linked to chronic kidney disease: Mechanisms and clinical implications.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Kidney Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Interpretable machine learning-based predictive model for fall risk in older adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Empagliflozin Alleviates Changes in Renal Expression of E- and N-Cadherins in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Article
- The prevalence of and factors associated with chronic kidney disease in Gezira, Central Sudan: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Altered acetate metabolism and signaling in IgA nephropathy: an integrated gut microbiome and glomerular spatial transcriptome analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Advances in ginsenoside treatment for common kidney diseases: pharmacological evaluation and potential mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Dietary and circulating butyrate are independently associated with kidney function in diabetes: a dual-cohort analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant global public health issue. However, the burden of CKD by etiology and trends over time remains inadequately studied.
methodsData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) were analyzed, including cases by region, etiology, age, and sex. Metrics included age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) between 1990 and 2021. The Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC), and age-period-cohort (APC) analysis was performed to assess trends.
resultsIn 2021, CKD posed a substantial global burden, with 673,722,703 cases and 19,935,038 new cases. The incidence rate was 233.6 with an AAPC of 0.634. CKD caused 1,527,639 deaths, corresponding to a mortality rate of 18.5 and an AAPC of 0.745. DALYs associated with CKD totaled 44,453,684, with an AAPC of 0.322. CKD burden was primarily attributed to diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), hypertension, and unspecified causes, affecting individuals aged 50 years and older. ASIR and ASPR were higher among females, while males had higher ASMR and ASDR. At regional and national levels, the incidence of CKD was positively correlated with the socio-demographic index (SDI), while mortality, DALYs, and prevalence negatively correlated with SDI. APC analysis revealed an elevated mortality risk (Net Drift = 0.3), increasing with age and over successive periods. Birth cohort analysis indicated higher mortality risks among individuals born after 1992.
conclusionThe global burden of CKD continued to rise due to aging populations, increasing risk factors, and improved detection. While some regions showed success in reducing CKD mortality, widening disparities demanded urgent attention. Early-stage disease and modifiable risks offered prevention opportunities, but realizing this required sustained healthcare investment, especially in resource-limited settings. Therefore, coordinated efforts addressing both risk factors and disease management would be essential to reduce its growing burden.
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