ArticleBMC nephrology2025
Association of anemia and cognitive impairment in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cognitive frailty risk prediction models in patients with chronic kidney disease in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2026Pooled it
- Serum BDNF and cognitive risk in maintenance hemodialysis: a machine learning study.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Potato and warm moist compresses to accelerate healing of limb swelling and bruising after venous stent placement: A case report.Medicine · 2026Article
- Neuro-Renal Crosstalk Across the Chronic Kidney Disease Spectrum: Stage-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment-An Integrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Role of Rho-associated Kinase in the Cognitive Benefits of the ACE Inhibitory Peptide LAP for Hypertension.Current molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCognitive impairment (CI) is common among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), yet its relationship with hemoglobin levels remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association between hemoglobin levels and CI in MHD patients, as well as to identify other contributing factors.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 248 MHD patients (49.60% male, mean age 57.23 ± 13.16 years) from a single hemodialysis center. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with CI defined as a score < 24. Hemoglobin levels were divided into quartiles (Q1: < 90 g/L; Q2: 90-110 g/L; Q3: 110-130 g/L; Q4: >130 g/L). Various independent variables, including age, sex, education level, dialysis duration, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters were analyzed using Spearman correlation test, and univariate and multivariate regression.
resultsOf the 248 patients, 33.90% (84 patients) had CI. Higher hemoglobin quartiles (Q3/Q4) were associated with better cognitive function (higher MMSE scores, P < 0.001) and improved performance across cognitive domains. The Spearman and logistic regression analyses revealed the potential associations between cognitive function (MMSE scores) and several factors, including age, education level, dialysis duration, comorbidities, pre-dialysis blood pressure, interdialytic hypotension, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and hemoglobin (P < 0.05). Age (OR = 1.454, P < 0.001), male sex (OR = 0.171, P = 0.013), pre-dialysis diastolic blood pressure (OR = 0.884, P = 0.024), and uric acid (OR = 0.992, P = 0.007) were significantly linked with the presence of CI in MHD patients. Multivariate regression further confirmed that adequate hemoglobin concentration was an independent related factor against CI in MHD patients (Model 4, Q1 vs. Q3: OR = 15.395, 95% CI = 3.184-74.443, P < 0.001).
conclusionsAnemia is significantly associated with CI in MHD patients, and can still serve as a clinical marker for early detection and intervention in CI. Maintaining adequate hemoglobin levels may be linked with a reduced CI occurrence in hemodialysis patients. These findings highlight the importance of anemia management and tailored interventions to preserve cognitive function health in ESRD patients. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.