ArticleScientific reports2025
Tracking Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial resistance markers during a malaria pre-elimination period in the Pacific coast of South America.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Global Landscape ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Gain-of-function PfAAT1 mutations compensate for impaired PfCRT function inResearch square · 2026Article
- A previously low prevalence Plasmodium falciparum clone expands in an outbreak in the Pacific Coast of South America.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- MMS Américas: a regional network for malaria molecular surveillance.Malaria journal · 2026Article
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antimalarial resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is a public health problem in the fight against malaria in Ecuador. Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of drug resistance genes helps to understand the emergence and spread of resistant parasites. In this study, the effects of drug pressure and human migration on antimalarial resistance in P. falciparum were evaluated. Sixty-seven samples from northwestern Ecuador from the 2019-2021 period were analyzed. SNPs in Pfcrt, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, Pfmdr-1, Pfk13 and Pfaat1 were identified by Sanger sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. A comparison of the frequencies of the haplotypes was made with data from the 2013-2015 period. Also, nucleotide and haplotype diversity were calculated. The frequencies of the mutant haplotypes, CVMET in Pfcrt and CICNI in Pfdhfr increased and became dominant (100% of infections) in Esmeraldas. NEDFSDFY in Pfmdr-1 was detected for the first time, while two wild-type haplotypes, SAKAA in Pfdhps and MYRIC in Pfk13, remained in 100% of samples. Interestingly, the A16V mutation in Pfdhfr that gives resistance to proguanil is reported in Ecuador for the first time. In conclusion, parasites resistant to chloroquine (Pfcrt) and pyrimethamine (Pfdhfr) increased in recent years, while parasites sensitive to sulfadoxine (Pfdhps) and artemisinin (Pfk13) prevail in Ecuador. These results suggest that the current first-line treatment (artemether-lumefantrine + primaquine) is still useful against P. falciparum.
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