ArticleBMJ open gastroenterology2025
Bone health, renal outcomes, and iron deficiency anaemia in proton pump inhibitor versus histamine-2 receptor antagonist users: a retrospective cohort study based on TriNetX global collaborative network data.
Article in BMJ open gastroenterology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)-Domperidone Induced Anemia and Galactorrhea: A Case Report.EJIFCC · 2026Article
- The association of proton pump inhibitors and inflammatory bowel disease from the perspective of gut microbiota perturbation.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveProton pump inhibitors' (PPIs) widespread use raises concerns about bone health, renal outcomes, and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). We aim to address these concerns via comprehensive matching.
methodsUsing TriNetX 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM), we compared PPI and histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) users in terms of renal outcomes (eg, estimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages), bone health (osteoporosis and fractures), and IDA (International Classification of Diseases codes and laboratory values).
resultsAfter 1:1 PSM, 126 155 matched patients (mean age 59 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 84-86 mL/min/1.732 m²) with fewer comorbidities (24% diabetes, 18% ischaemic heart disease, 11% heart failure, 11% nicotine dependence, 4% osteoporosis) were included. After follow-up, patients in the PPI group had a significantly lower mean eGFR compared with those in the H2RA group (75.74 ± 37.56 vs 78.60 ± 35.23 mL/min/1.732 m², p<0.001). The PPI group also demonstrated significantly increased risk of CKD progression, with HR of 1.137 (95% CI 1.120 to 1.154) for stage 3a, 1.260 (95% CI 1.235 to 1.286) for stage 3b, 1.316 (95% CI 1.288 to 1.345) for stage 4, and 1.785 (95% CI 1.718 to 1.854) for stage 5. In addition, PPI users exhibited higher risks of osteoporosis (HR 1.119, 95% CI 1.071 to 1.169) and major bone fractures (HR 1.153, 95% CI 1.110 to 1.198). The risk of IDA was also significantly elevated in the PPI group (HR 1.761, 95% CI 1.691 to 1.835). Findings were consistent across all subgroups and regions.
conclusionIn this large matched cohort, PPI use was associated with higher risks of CKD, osteoporosis, fractures, and IDA. Clinicians should monitor long-term PPI users for these potential adverse effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.