Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40658902›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2025

Carbon Fiber Oxidation in 4D.

Benjamin M Ringel, Federico Semeraro, Joseph C Ferguson, Harold S Barnard, Bruno Dias, Christian M Schlepütz, Edward S Barnard, Sam Schickler, Kara Levy, Shawn Shacterman and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Heating rate gradient drives mesostructural dynamics in solid propellant under nonequilibrium conditions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  2. Carbon Fiber Oxidation in 4D.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Benjamin M RingelDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1679-5640
Federico SemeraroAnalytical Mechanics Associates, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-8077
Joseph C FergusonAnalytical Mechanics Associates, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8608-4468
Harold S BarnardAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-7173
Bruno DiasAnalytical Mechanics Associates, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2468-2769
Christian M SchlepützSwiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-2708
Edward S BarnardMolecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4736-0743
Sam SchicklerAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Kara LevyAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Shawn ShactermanAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Talia Benioff-WhiteAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Julian DavisAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Alastair A MacDowellAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Dilworth Y ParkinsonAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-0716
Francesco PaneraiDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Wright Street, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8378-8416

Funding

Advanced Light Source DE-AC02-05CH11231Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-19-1-0050NASA 80NSSC21K1117National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center BES-ERCAP0031436
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The oxidation of carbon fibers at high temperatures is the primary degradation process in the thermal protection system of many hypersonic flight vehicles. Predicting the rate and the extent of oxidation is critical to ensure a safe and effective design. An oversized thermal protection system adds unnecessary mass, while an under-designed one risks system failure and mission loss. Resolving high-temperature material degradation due to oxidation has been a long-standing challenge in designing for re-entry flight environments. Using time-resolved in situ X-ray microtomography, the oxidation of carbon fibers at high temperatures is directly imaged, resolving the two limiting degradation regimes: diffusion- and reaction-limited. The ability to resolve material degradation in time at the sub-micron scale sheds light on the ablation phenomenon and enables predictions of material constitutive properties evolving in time, with profound implications on the ability to model the aerothermal response of heat shield materials in hostile environments.

Indexed as

ablationcarbon fibercarbon oxidationthermal protection systemx‐ray microtomography

Identifiers

PMID40658902
PMCPMC12548517

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.