ArticlePloS one2025
Associations of domestic hard water metrics with the risk of gout incidence and recurrence.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that domestic hard water is linked to health outcomes, but whether there is a potential association with gout is unknown.To examine the association between domestic hard water and gout incidence and recurrence in adults aged 40-69 years from the UK Biobank.
methodsWe analyzed a cohort of 448,510 participants free of gout at baseline (2006-2010) for incidence analysis and 7,231 participants with prevalent gout for recurrence. Domestic water hardness data were obtained from local water supply companies across England, Wales and Scotland in 2005 and 2013. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between water hardness and both gout incidence and recurrence. Additionally, the Cochran Armitage test was used to examine the linear trend and restricted cubic splines assessing nonlinear relationships.
resultsDuring a median follow-up of 13.29 years, 6,521 incident events were recorded, and at a median 12.40 years, 519 gout recurrence events were identified. For incidence, compared with individuals exposed to 0-60 mg/L, the HRs (95% CIs) for the incidence of gout in the other three grades were 1.12 (1.05-1.19), 1.16 (1.05-1.29) and 1.18 (1.11-1.25), respectively. Each additional 50 mg/L of CaCO3, Ca and Mg increased gout risk (HRs [95% CIs] were 1.04 [1.03-1.05], 1.17 [1.13-1.20] and 1.99 [1.46-2.71], respectively). In addition, CaCO3, Ca and Mg demonstrated the nonlinear relationship with gout incidence (all p for nonlinearity<0.05). For recurrence, each additional 50 mg/L of Mg increased gout recurrence risk (HRs [95% CIs] was 2.97 [1.11-7.97]). And linear trend test shown was significant for Mg (P for trend = 0.03026).
conclusionsThe results revealed that exposure to hard water characterized by higher concentration levels of CaCO3, Ca and Mg might increase the risk of gout incidence. Moreover, individuals who are subjected to higher Mg concentrations might increase the risk of gout recurrence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.