ArticleDiscover oncology2025
Causal association between modifiable risk factors and esophageal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Discover oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The association between coffee consumption and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current observational evidence.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Genome wide association analysis and association of genetic risk and lifestyle with upper gastrointestinal cancer among an endoscopy-screened cohort in China.Science bulletin · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEsophageal cancer (EC), recognized for its aggressive nature, ranks as the sixth leading cause of cancer-associated mortality globally. The incidence of EC has been suggested to link with lifestyle, obesity, and glycemic traits; however, the causality of this association remains uncertain. Consequently, our study aims to elucidate the causal connections between modifiable risk factors and EC.
methodWe adopted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic instrumental variables and conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the causal influence of 14 amendable risk factors on EC, incorporating 740 cases and 372,016 controls.
resultsThe data revealed a significant association of coffee intake (OR = 1.003, P = 0.046), smoking (OR = 1.008, P = 0.001), and Body Mass Index (BMI) (OR = 1.001, P = 0.002) with an increased risk of EC. Conversely, type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.999, P = 0.003), education duration (OR = 0.999, P = 0.012), and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR = 0.999, P = 0.011) were correlated with a reduced risk of EC.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that coffee intake, smoking, and BMI potentially contribute as risk factors in the pathogenesis of EC, whereas type 2 diabetes, duration of education, and LDL-C may function as protective elements against the development of this malignancy.
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