ReviewSmall science2025
Femtosecond-Laser Preparation of Hydrogel with Micro/Nano-Structures and their Biomedical Applications.
Review in Small science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Laser Micromachining for Bioelectronics: Past, Present, and Future.Small methods · 2026Review
- Nanomechanical and Optical Properties of Anti-Counterfeiting Nanostructures Obtained by Hydrogel Photoresist in Laser Processing.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Laser-Based Fabrication of Hydrogel Scaffolds for Medicine: From Principles to Clinical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydrogels with micro/nano-structures precisely prepared by femtosecond-laser processing technology are biomaterials that mimic the natural extracellular matrix and can achieve the precise regulation of biological properties, such as cell behavior and structural-mechanical properties. They also play a crucial role in biomedical fields such as regenerative medicine, bionanostructural construction, drug transport, and particle manipulation. This study summarizes the central role of the nonlinear absorption property of femtosecond lasers in the preparation of hydrogel micro/nano-structures. Based on the electron-dynamics model and electron-density flood theory, the two main processing types of the femtosecond laser-processed hydrogel, additive and subtractive manufacturing, are discussed in depth. The modification mechanisms such as the photon-electron energy-field conversion, multiphoton absorption effect, and bubble-driven bio-link molding are analyzed. Additionally, the stimulus-response diversification and functional biomimicry properties of the structural hydrogels under the influences of different laser action modes and hydrogel composition ratios are investigated for their biomedical applications, such as microactuators, drug delivery, microscaffolds, and the in vitro simulation of vascular networks. On this basis, the advantages and limitations of the current technology are summarized and a reasonable prediction for future research on the law of action of the femtosecond-laser preparation of hydrogel micro/nano-structures is made.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.