ArticleTobacco induced diseases2025
Global burden of smoking-associated age-related macular degeneration: Spatiotemporal trends from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Iontophoresis Drug Delivery to the Macula of Lutein for Age Related Macular Degeneration.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tobacco-Attributable Age-Related Macular Degeneration Vision Impairment in Japan: A National and Prefecture-Level Analysis From 1990 to 2040.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Smoking-Attributable Age-Related Macular Degeneration Vision Loss in China: 1990-2021 Trends and 2040 Projections.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Global burden of vision impairment due to smoking-related cataract: A descriptive study of spatiotemporal trends based on GBD secondary data and projections to 2050.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSmoking is a major modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the long-term trends and sociodemographic disparities in its global burden remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess the evolving burden of smoking-associated AMD from 1990 to 2021 and project its trajectory to 2040.
methodsData from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database were used to extract smoking-associated AMD burden, measured by years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs rate (ASYLDsR). Trends were stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI) and GBD super-regions, analyzed via estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and projected using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model.
resultsIn 2021, the global burden of smoking-associated AMD reached 58858 YLDs (a 47.1% increase from 1990), with an ASYLDsR of 2.47 per 100000 population. The burden in males significantly exceeded the female burden (45442 vs 13417 YLDs in 2021), with a widening disparity. YLDs peaked in the age group of 65-69 years (12528 cases), while ASYLDsR increased with age. East Asia had the highest cases (23248 cases, 39.5% of the global total), whereas Central Asia exhibited rising ASYLDsR. ARIMA projections estimated global YLDs to rise to 72574 (95% CI: 61319-83828) by 2040, with ASYLDsR declining to 1.54 per 100000 (95% CI: 0.90-2.17).
conclusionsThe burden of smoking-associated AMD demonstrates marked demographic and geographical heterogeneity. Aging populations drive rising absolute case numbers, while disparities in tobacco control policies contribute to regional divergence in ASYLDsR.
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