ArticleJournal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences2025
Evaluating the Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Steroids, COX-2 Selective, and Nonselective NSAIDs in Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: An Experimental Analysis.
Article in Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of 2-(3-Acetyl-5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-Methyl-1Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Mechanism analysis and intervention strategies of the inflammatory microenvironment in traumatic spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Context: The inclusion of an anti-inflammatory agent shall be inevitable in a combinatorial approach toward treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the best among the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents, namely, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs is not known due to the lack of comparative studies. Aim: It was intended to compare the efficacy of three classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in SCI by estimating the relevant cytokines. Materials and methods: Sprague Dawley rats subjected to contusion SCI were treated with methylprednisolone (steroid), or diclofenac (general COX-inhibitor), or meloxicam (selective COX-2 inhibitor). After three days of postlesion, the efficacy of the drugs was assessed by quantifying the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) β, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and COX-2 through Western blotting. Statistical analysis used: The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance to determine statistical significance, and post-hoc analysis was performed using Tukey's test. Results: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1) upregulated by SCI were reduced only by meloxicam treatment. Upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) observed in injury was unaffected by methylprednisolone and diclofenac but was downregulated in the meloxicam group although statistically not significant. Conclusion: By reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a mild increase in the levels of TGF-β, meloxicam outperforms the other two drugs tested. Reduced anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in the meloxicam treatment were the only concern. Spinal inflammation may be more resilient and further studies are required to formulate a consistent anti-inflammatory therapy to treat contusion SCI.
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