ArticlePsychological medicine2025
Investigating risk factor and consequence accounts of executive functioning impairments in psychopathology: an 8-year study of at-risk individuals in Brazil.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bidirectional association between irritability and executive function in youth from late childhood to early adolescence: Between- and within-person effects.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Psychopathology profiles and longitudinal correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth: a machine-learning approach.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundExecutive functioning (EF) impairments are widely known to represent transdiagnostic risk factors of psychopathology. However, a recent alternative account has been proposed, according to which EF impairments emerge as consequences of psychopathology.
methodsUsing a longitudinal cross-lagged panel network analysis approach, we tested these competing theoretical accounts at different stages during adolescence. We used data from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort Study for the Development of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders, in which 61% of individuals at wave 1 were selected due to their high risk for psychopathology. Participants were assessed across three assessment waves during early (wave 1:
resultsDuring early adolescence, lower inhibitory control was a risk factor for externalizing problems that, in turn, predicted lower working memory capacity. During middle adolescence, bidirectional associations became more prominent: inhibitory control and working memory functioned as both risk factors and consequences. Externalizing problems both predicted and were predicted by poor inhibitory control. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms showed bidirectional associations over time. Externalizing problems predicted more internalizing symptoms, whereas internalizing symptoms predicted fewer externalizing problems during middle adolescence.
conclusionsOur results corroborate dynamic theories that describe executive dysfunctions as precursors and consequences of psychopathology in middle adolescence.
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