Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40653529›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Adaptive malware identification via integrated SimCLR and GRU networks.

Faisal S Alsubaei, Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi, Walid Said Atwa, Abdulaleem Ali Almazroi, Nasir Ayub, N Z Jhanjhi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Faisal S AlsubaeiDepartment of Cybersecurity, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia. fsalsubaei@uj.edu.sa.
Abdulwahab Ali AlmazroiCollege of Computing and Information Technology at Khulais, Department of Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia.
Walid Said AtwaCollege of Computing and Information Technology at Khulais, Department of Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaleem Ali AlmazroiDepartment of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia.
Nasir AyubDepartment of Creative Technologies, Air University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
N Z JhanjhiSchool of Computer Science SCS, Taylor's University SDN BHD, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.

Funding

University of Jeddah UJ-23-SRP-11
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Malware has become a big issue for digital infrastructure with the growing complexity and frequency of intrusions; it usually avoids conventional detection systems via obfuscation and dynamic behaviour patterns. Existing methods, particularly those relying on signature-based techniques, struggle to detect emerging threats, leading to significant vulnerabilities in enterprise and institutional environments. This study aims to develop an adaptive and efficient malware detection framework that addresses these limitations while supporting real-time analysis. To this end, we introduce SimCLR-GRU, a novel ensemble architecture that integrates SimCLR-based contrastive learning for feature extraction and a GRU module to capture sequential behavioural patterns. The framework also incorporates graph neural network (GNN)-based feature selection to reduce redundancy and optimise Fish School Search (FSS) to fine-tune key hyperparameters for improved learning performance. Experiments using a comprehensive Portable Executable (PE) malware dataset show that SimCLR-GRU achieves a classification accuracy of 99%, exceeding many baseline models with a 15% increase. An AUC of 98.2%, an F1-score of 96.8%, and a false positive rate of only 0.02% underline the model's generalizability, accuracy, and resilience. Moreover, the low inference latency of the model qualifies for implementation in real-time and resource-limited surroundings. SimCLR-GRU provides a scalable and decisive answer to modern cyberspace's changing malware detection problem.

Identifiers

PMID40653529
PMCPMC12256613

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.