Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40650710›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2025

Evaluation of Demirjian staging method reproducibility and reliability for dental age estimation between eight forensic experts.

Rizky Merdietio Boedi, Nikolaos Angelakopoulos, Ademir Franco, Nikita Polukhin, Akiko Kumagai, Ivan Galic, Jeta Kelmendi, Israel Soriano Vázquez, Sang-Seob Lee, Roberto Scendoni and 2 more

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Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

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0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Rizky Merdietio BoediDepartment of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. rizkymerdietio@lecturer.undip.ac.id.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-6773
Nikolaos AngelakopoulosDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-4645
Ademir FrancoDepartment of Forensic Dentistry, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-2781
Nikita PolukhinDepartment of Public Health and Medical Social Sciences, Synergy University, Moscow, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-5793
Akiko KumagaiDivision of Forensic Odontology and Disaster Oral Medicine, Department of Forensic Science, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahabacho, Shiwagun, 028-3694, Iwate, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-4443
Ivan GalicDepartment of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-9535
Jeta KelmendiDepartment of Orthodontics, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College "Rezonanca", Kosovo, Prishtina, 10000, Kosovo.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-5324
Israel Soriano VázquezForensic Odontologist, Independent Researcher, Mexico City, Mexico.
Sang-Seob LeeDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, Seocho-gu, 06591, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-561X
Roberto Scendoni *Department of Law, Institute of Legal Medicine (AgEstimation Project), University of Macerata, 62100, Macerata, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-2405
Galina Zolotenkova *Department of Forensic Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1764-2213
Stefano De Luca *Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1725-0853

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Assigning a developmental stage is the most subjective step in dental age estimation. Therefore, clear stage definitions and proper observer calibrations are essential or high reliability and reproducibility. In this study, the reliability of the Demirjian method was assessed among 8 experts in DAE. The sample used were panoramic radiographs consisting of 50 healthy patients aged between 15 and 13.99 years old. Seven permanent teeth on the left side in both maxilla and mandible were selected to be examined. Further reference to both reliability and reproducibility will be referred as "reliability". The intra- and inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's Kappa and Gwet's AC1/AC2 value for the overall tooth type, and specific tooth reliability. The intra-rater reliability gives an excellent reliability within observers ranging from 0.86 to 1. The inter-rater reliability was 0.962, with no difference between maxilla (0.950) and mandible region (0.954). Additionally, it was observed that canines and premolars have a lower agreement (0.934) compared to incisors and molars. Further detailed analysis for each tooth gives the lowest reliability to FDI 32 (0.868). Although the Demirjian staging method offers robust reliability for DAE with an emphasis on standardized protocols and examiner calibration, the performance of staging varies across different tooth types.

Indexed as

Age Determination by TeethToothAdolescentDentition, PermanentFemaleForensic DentistryHumansMaleObserver VariationRadiography, PanoramicReproducibility of ResultsDemirjian methodDental age estimationForensic dentistryPanoramic radiographsReliability

Identifiers

PMID40650710

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.