ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Transporter-Mediated Interactions Between Uremic Toxins and Drugs: A Hidden Driver of Toxicity in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus: a perspective on skin barrier damage.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Impacts of Uremic Toxins on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Total Mycophenolic Acid and its Glucuronide Metabolite in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Observational
- Review
- Role of the ABCG2 transporter in the biodistribution of the food-borne uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Tubular secretion in chronic kidney disease: from established physiology to clinical utility.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Gut microbial-derived metabolites: key players in kidney disease and renal fibrosis.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Unraveling the mysteries of the gut-kidney axis: the protective role of traditional Chinese medicine in chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the systemic accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) due to impaired renal elimination. Among these, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) are particularly challenging because of their high protein binding and limited removal by dialysis. In addition to renal excretion, the transport of IS and PCS, and their microbiota-derived precursors, indole and p-cresol, across key physiological barriers-the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, and renal proximal tubule-critically influences their distribution and elimination. This review provides an overview of transporter-mediated mechanisms involved in the disposition of IS, PCS, and their microbial precursors, indole and p-cresol. It also examines how these UTs may interact with commonly prescribed drugs in CKD, particularly those that share transporter pathways as substrates or inhibitors. These drug-toxin interactions may influence the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of IS and PCS, but remain poorly characterized and largely overlooked in clinical settings. A better understanding of these processes may guide future efforts to optimize pharmacotherapy and support more informed management of CKD patients, particularly in the context of polypharmacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.