Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40649954›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025

Carrageenans and the Carrageenan-Echinochrome Complex as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents.

Natalya V Krylova, Anna O Kravchenko, Galina N Likhatskaya, Olga V Iunikhina, Valery P Glazunov, Tatyana S Zaporozhets, Mikhail Y Shchelkanov, Irina M Yermak

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Natalya V KrylovaG.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-9048-6803
Anna O KravchenkoG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
Galina N LikhatskayaG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.ORCID 0000-0003-1937-1680
Olga V IunikhinaG.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-6723-582X
Valery P GlazunovG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
Tatyana S ZaporozhetsG.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia.
Mikhail Y ShchelkanovG.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia.
Irina M YermakG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.

Funding

Russian Science Foundation grant 21-74-20019the Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation in the framework of the implementation of the state task No. 122041800135-3
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The diversity of structural types of carrageenans (CRGs)-sulfated polysaccharides of red algae-determines their different biological activities. The different types of CRGs (kappa, lambda, kappa/beta-CRGs) were isolated from the red algae of the Pacific coast. Molecular docking was performed to determine potential interactions of CRGs with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). CRGs interacted with ACE2 and RBD via hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. The strongest binding affinity of CRGs and ACE2 was observed for kappa-CRG. Molecular docking was confirmed by results studying the effects of CRGs against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The ability of CRGs, as well as the complex CRG with sea urchin echinochrome (Ech), to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells was studied using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and RT-PCR assays. The simultaneous treatment of cells with CRGs and the virus revealed that kappa-CRG exhibited the most significant antiviral effect among all the polysaccharides, with a selective index (SI) of 33. The kappa-CRG/Ech complex exhibited the highest virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2 particles with an SI above 70 (more than two times higher than that of CRG and Ech) and reduced viral RNA levels by 45% (IC = 45%). Our results illustrate that CRGs and kappa-CRG/Ech complex can act as protective agents against SARS-CoV-2.

Indexed as

Antiviral AgentsCarrageenanCOVID-19 Drug TreatmentSARS-CoV-2Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2AnimalsChlorocebus aethiopsCOVID-19HumansMolecular Docking SimulationRhodophytaSpike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusVero CellsVirus ReplicationAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Antiviral AgentsCarrageenanSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusantiviral activitycarrageenansmolecular dockingSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID40649954
PMCPMC12249508

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.